Drug Withdrawal: Definition, Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment 

Drug withdrawal occurs when an individual who has developed a dependence on a drug suddenly stops using it. It results from the body’s reaction to the sudden absence of the substance on which it has become dependent.

The symptoms of drug withdrawal are tremors, muscle pain, anxiety, depression, nausea, and insomnia. In severe cases, withdrawal leads to life-threatening conditions, particularly with substances like alcohol and benzodiazepines, where complications such as delirium tremens can occur if not properly managed. The severity and duration of withdrawal symptoms differ widely based on the type of drug, the length of time it has been used, and the individual’s health status.

According to Dr  Alicja Lerner of Center for Drug Evaluation and Research from New Hampshire Avenue, drug withdrawal occurs due to the brain’s neurochemical changes that come with chronic drug use. When a person uses drugs regularly, their brain adapts to the presence of these substances and begins to rely on them for normal functioning. This leads to tolerance, where more significant amounts of the substance are required to achieve the same effects. As a result, when an individual abruptly stops taking the drug, their brain struggles to readjust, leading to withdrawal symptoms.

Treatment for drug withdrawal often involves a medically supervised detoxification process, which helps to manage symptoms and reduce the risk of complications. This includes pharmacotherapy to alleviate specific withdrawal symptoms and support for psychological aspects of dependence. Following detoxification, ongoing treatment and support are crucial for preventing relapse and promoting long-term recovery. Engaging in counseling, support groups, and rehabilitation programs provides individuals with the tools necessary to navigate the challenges of recovery and maintain a drug-free lifestyle.

What is Drug Withdrawal?

Drug withdrawal, also known as drug withdrawal syndrome or substance withdrawal syndrome, refers to the constellation of symptoms that arise when an individual abruptly reduces or stops the intake of a substance to which they have developed a dependence, according to the American Addiction Centers article “Drug Withdrawal Symptoms, Timelines, and Treatment” by Amelia Sharp (July 2022).

This dependence is either physical, psychological, or both and typically develops after prolonged use of the substance. The symptoms of withdrawal can vary significantly depending on the type of drug involved, the duration of use, and individual factors such as age and overall health.

When an individual becomes dependent on a drug, their body and brain adapt to its presence. This adaptation can lead to withdrawal symptoms when the drug is no longer available. The severity and type of symptoms experienced during withdrawal can differ widely based on several factors, including type of substance, duration of use, and method of cessation.

Different drugs produce different withdrawal symptoms. For instance, opioid withdrawal causes symptoms such as anxiety, sweating, vomiting, and diarrhea, while alcohol withdrawal can lead to irritability, fatigue, shaking, and nausea.

More extended periods of substance use often result in more severe withdrawal symptoms. Abruptly stopping a drug leads to more intense withdrawal symptoms compared to a gradual tapering process.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), in 2018, over 11% of Americans aged 12 and older reported using illicit substances in the month before being surveyed. This high prevalence indicates a significant number of individuals face withdrawal symptoms when attempting to cease use.

What are the Symptoms of Drug Withdrawal?

The symptoms of drug withdrawal are categorized into three main groups: physical, psychological, and behavioral. Each type has distinct characteristics and implications for individuals undergoing withdrawal from substances or addictive behaviors, according to the American Addiction Centers article “Drug Withdrawal Symptoms, Timelines, and Treatment” by Amelia Sharp (July 2022).

The symptoms of drug withdrawal, according to the American Addiction Centers, are listed below.

Physical Withdrawal Symptoms

Physical withdrawal symptoms are the body’s physiological responses to the absence of a substance that it has become dependent on. These symptoms are nausea and vomiting, tremors and shaking, sweating and chills, muscle pain and aches, fatigue, and seizures, according to a Health Direct article on “Addiction withdrawal symptoms.”

• Nausea and Vomiting: Nausea and vomiting involve feeling sick to your stomach and throwing up. This occurs as the body adjusts to the absence of the substance it has become dependent on. The digestive system becomes disrupted, leading to feelings of nausea and potential vomiting. This happens during alcohol and drug withdrawal, as the body struggles to regulate its functions without the substance.
• Tremors and Shaking: Tremors and shaking involve an uncontrollable body movement, usually in the hands, arms, legs or face. As the central nervous system becomes overactive without the depressant effects of substances like alcohol or benzodiazepines, involuntary shaking or trembling occurs. This is particularly noticeable in the hands but can affect the entire body.
• Sweating and Chills: Sweating and chills are the body’s natural response to discomfort, whereby the body releases heat through perspiration and increases blood flow to retain warmth. During withdrawal, the body’s temperature regulation system becomes imbalanced, leading to excessive sweating and alternating feelings of being too hot or cold. This is often accompanied by clammy skin and is the body’s attempt to adjust to the absence of the substance.
• Muscle Pain and Aches: Individuals experience generalized muscle soreness or specific aches as their bodies recalibrate without the substance. This is due to increased muscle tension and changes in the body’s pain perception.
• Fatigue: Fatigue is physical or mental exhaustion caused by overexertion, lack of sleep, or prolonged stress. Extreme tiredness is common during withdrawal as the body expends energy to restore its natural balance. This can manifest as physical exhaustion and a strong desire to sleep.
• Seizures: Seizures are defined as sudden, uncontrolled electrical disturbances in the brain that can cause changes in behavior, movements, feelings, and levels of consciousness. In severe cases, particularly with alcohol or benzodiazepine withdrawal, seizures occur. These are caused by sudden, abnormal electrical activity in the brain and can be life-threatening if not properly managed.

The severity and duration of these symptoms vary widely depending on factors such as the type of substance, duration of use, amount typically consumed, and individual physiology. It’s important to note that some withdrawal symptoms, mainly from alcohol and benzodiazepines, are dangerous and require medical supervision.

Psychological Withdrawal Symptoms

Psychological withdrawal symptoms of drug withdrawal can be defined as the emotional and psychological effects that arise when a person stops taking a drug to which they have become physically dependent. The psychological withdrawal symptoms are anxiety and depression, emotional instability, intense cravings, and social withdrawal, according to Gupta M, Gokarakonda SB, and Attia FN. Withdrawal Syndromes: StatPearls Publishing; (2024 Jan).

The psychological withdrawal symptoms of drug withdrawal, according to the StatPearls Publishing Journal, are listed below.

• Anxiety and Depression: Anxiety and depression involve feelings of worry, nervousness, or unease about something with an uncertain outcome. When individuals stop using a substance, they often experience heightened anxiety or depressive symptoms. This occurs because the brain’s chemistry is adjusting to the absence of the substance, which previously helped regulate mood. 
• Emotional Instability: Emotional instability refers to the tendency to experience frequent and intense changes in mood, thoughts, and behaviors. Withdrawal causes significant mood swings and emotional reactions. This emotional instability results from the brain recalibrating its neurotransmitter levels. During withdrawal, the brain’s inability to produce or regulate mood-enhancing chemicals like dopamine and serotonin can lead to pronounced emotional responses, including irritability and aggression.
• Intense Cravings: Intense cravings occur when someone desires something strongly. A strong desire to use the substance again is a common withdrawal symptom. These cravings cause significant distress and are driven by the brain’s previous dependence on the substance to produce pleasurable feelings. For example, opioid withdrawal causes intense cravings due to the brain’s reliance on the substance for dopamine production.
• Cognitive Difficulties: Cognitive difficulties are problems with concentration, memory, and decision-making. They are common during withdrawal as the brain adjusts to functioning without the substance. Cognitive difficulties are part of the broader spectrum of withdrawal symptoms and include issues like difficulty focusing, impaired executive control, and reduced ability to make decisions.
• Social Withdrawal: Social withdrawals involve Individuals isolating themselves during withdrawal due to feelings of discomfort, fear of relapse, or the stigma associated with addiction. Social withdrawal is increased by the emotional and psychological distress experienced during this period, making it harder for individuals to seek support and maintain social connections.
• Psychological Withdrawal and Relapse Risk: Psychological withdrawal and relapse risk involve the psychological processes that are involved in stopping substance abuse and maintaining sobriety. The combination of these psychological symptoms creates a cycle of cravings and emotional distress, increasing the risk of relapse. The brain’s altered state during withdrawal makes it difficult to cope with stress and emotions, which leads individuals to return to substance use as a means of relief.

Psychological withdrawal is challenging because it often leads to a cycle of cravings and emotional distress, increasing the risk of relapse. Therefore, it is essential for individuals undergoing withdrawal to have a robust support system and seek professional help to manage their psychological symptoms.

Behavioral Withdrawal Symptoms

Behavioral withdrawal symptoms involve changes in behavior and habits that occur as a person adjusts to life without the substance. These symptoms include changes in routine, increased irritability or anger, compulsive behaviors, and difficulty in social situations, according to Alavi SS, Ferdosi M, Jannatifard F, Eslami M, Alaghemandan H, Setare M. Behavioral Addiction versus Substance Addiction: Correspondence of Psychiatric and Psychological Views. PubMed Journal. (2012 April).

The common behavioral withdrawal symptoms, according to the  PubMed Journal, are listed below.

• Changes in routine: People going through withdrawal find it challenging to stick to their usual daily routines. This is due to physical discomfort, fatigue, or mood changes.
• Increased irritability or anger: Irritability is a sudden change in mood that makes a person feel annoyed, angry, or frustrated. This is one of the most common behavioral withdrawal symptoms experienced by people recovering from substance abuse.
• Compulsive behaviors: Compulsions are repetitive behaviors or mental acts that individuals engage in to reduce discomfort or anxiety. During withdrawal, compulsive behaviors can increase due to the lack of the substance to cope with emotions.
• Difficulty in social situations: Withdrawal symptoms can also affect a person’s ability to interact with others and participate in social activities. Social situations may trigger cravings and uncomfortable feelings, making it challenging for individuals to remain sober.

These behavioral withdrawal symptoms vary depending on the substance used and how long it was used.  Addressing these symptoms and finding healthy coping mechanisms to manage them is essential.

What Causes Drug Withdrawal?

The causes of drug withdrawal are physiological dependence, neurochemical adaptations, and the abrupt cessation of substance use, according to the Brain Facts publication “What causes drug withdrawal?” by Paul Kenny (Dec 2014).

The causes of drug withdrawal, according to the Brain Facts publication, are listed below.

• Physiological Dependence: Physiological dependence occurs when the body adapts to the presence of a drug over time, leading to a state where normal functioning relies on the continuous intake of that substance. This dependence develops from both recreational and prescription drugs, with symptoms manifesting when a user attempts to stop or significantly reduce their intake. 
• Neurochemical Adaptations: Neurochemical adaptations are defined as changes in the brain’s chemical composition that occur due to experiences or behaviors. Long-term drug use alters the brain’s neurochemistry. Substances like alcohol and opioids affect neurotransmitter systems, particularly those involving dopamine, which is crucial for feelings of pleasure and reward. Human brain imaging studies reveal that using alcohol and other substances (including nicotine) activates dopamine and opioid neurotransmitters, according to Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US); Office of the Surgeon General (US). Facing Addiction in America: The Surgeon General’s Report on Alcohol, Drugs, and Health . Washington (DC): US Department of Health and Human Services; 2016 Nov.

When a drug is removed, the brain struggles to regain its balance, leading to withdrawal symptoms that are often the opposite of the drug’s effects. For example, while opioids induce euphoria, withdrawal results in anxiety and depression as the brain’s dopamine levels drop.

• Abrupt Cessation of Substance Use: Abrupt cessation of substance use is the sudden discontinuation of substance use after a period of regular and prolonged consumption. Withdrawal symptoms are typically triggered by the sudden discontinuation of a substance, often referred to as “going cold turkey.” This abrupt change leads to a significant physiological response as the body attempts to readjust to the absence of the drug. 

Understanding the causes of drug withdrawal provides valuable insight into how addiction develops and why it can be challenging to overcome. It also highlights the importance of seeking professional help for those struggling with substance abuse.

What are the types of Drug withdrawals?

The types of drug withdrawals are benzodiazepine withdrawal, cocaine withdrawal, stimulant withdrawal, marijuana withdrawal, and opioid withdrawal, according to the Health Direct article on “Addiction withdrawal symptoms.”

• Benzodiazepine Withdrawal: Benzodiazepines are central nervous system depressants commonly prescribed for anxiety and insomnia. Withdrawal symptoms can include anxiety, agitation, sweating, and, in severe cases, seizures. This withdrawal can be hazardous and often requires medical supervision to manage effectively.
• Cocaine Withdrawal: Cocaine withdrawal occurs when a person stops using this highly addictive stimulant. Symptoms primarily involve psychological distress, such as depressed mood, anxiety, and intense cravings for the drug. While not typically physically dangerous, the psychological effects can lead to significant emotional turmoil and difficulty in functioning.
• Stimulant Withdrawal: Stimulant withdrawal includes symptoms that arise after the cessation of drugs like cocaine or prescription medications for ADHD. Users experience fatigue, increased appetite, vivid, distressing dreams, and mood swings. Although the physical symptoms are usually not life-threatening, the psychological impact can be severe, leading to depression and anxiety.
• Marijuana Withdrawal: Withdrawal from marijuana occurs after prolonged use and is characterized by symptoms such as irritability, anxiety, and sleep disturbances. These symptoms manifest within a few days after stopping and last up to two weeks, with some effects like sleep issues potentially persisting longer. The withdrawal experience varies significantly among individuals.
• Opioid Withdrawal: Opioid withdrawal happens when a person stops using opioids, such as heroin or prescription pain medications. Symptoms include anxiety, sweating, nausea, and muscle aches, often resembling a severe flu. Opioid withdrawal is physically uncomfortable and, in some cases, medically dangerous, necessitating professional treatment to alleviate symptoms.

Knowing the types of drug withdrawals provides insight into what to expect when stopping drug use and reinforces the importance of seeking professional support during this challenging time. Seeking help from an addiction psychiatrist ensures a safer and more comfortable experience during withdrawal and increases the chances of successful recovery from addiction.

What are the Treatments of Drug Withdrawal?

The treatments for drug withdrawals include medications, behavioral therapies and detoxification settings, according to a study titled “Clinical Guidelines for Withdrawal Management and Treatment of Drug Dependence in Closed Settings.” by the WHO (2009).

The treatments for drug withdrawals, according to the WHO Journal, are listed below.

Medications

Medication involves the use of prescribed drugs to manage the symptoms of drug withdrawal and aid in the recovery process. Some common medications are methadone, buprenorphine and clonidine.

• Methadone: This long-acting opioid agonist helps relieve withdrawal symptoms and is often used for maintenance therapy in opioid dependence. It allows for a gradual dosage tapering, minimizing withdrawal intensity over time.
• Buprenorphine: A partial opioid agonist, buprenorphine alleviates withdrawal symptoms and cravings. It is frequently combined with naloxone to prevent misuse and be used for long-term maintenance.
• Clonidine: This medication is effective in reducing withdrawal symptoms such as anxiety, agitation, and physical discomfort. While it alleviates many symptoms, it does not address cravings directly.

The use of medications is an effective tool in managing withdrawal symptoms and increasing the chances of successful recovery from drug addiction. However, it is essential to remember that medication alone is not a complete solution and should be combined with other treatment forms for optimal results. 

Behavioral Therapies

Behavioral therapies are a type of psychotherapy that focuses on changing behaviors, thoughts, and feelings to help individuals overcome mental health issues or behavioral problems. These therapies are often combined with other treatments, such as medication and include Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), and Contingency Management, according to Carroll KM and Onken LS. Behavioral therapies for drug abuse. Am J Psychiatry. (2005 Aug).

The behavioral therapies for drug withdrawal are listed below.

• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is a type of therapy that helps individuals identify and change negative thoughts and behaviors. It is effective in treating drug addiction, as it helps individuals learn coping skills and strategies for managing cravings and avoiding relapse.
• Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT): Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) is another type of behavioral therapy focusing on regulating emotions and reducing impulsive behaviors. It is effective in treating substance use disorders, particularly among individuals with co-occurring mental health conditions such as borderline personality disorder.
• Contingency Management: Contingency Management is a behavioral therapy that uses positive reinforcement to encourage desired behaviors, such as staying sober or attending treatment sessions. This form of therapy is effective in treating drug addiction, particularly when combined with other behavioral therapies.

While these behavioral therapies help manage the symptoms of drug withdrawal, they are most effective when combined with other treatments, such as medication and support groups. Individuals undergoing drug withdrawal need to have a comprehensive treatment plan that addresses all aspects of their addiction.

Detoxification Settings

Detoxification settings involve the use of specialized programs and facilities to manage the physical and psychological symptoms of drug withdrawal. These settings include inpatient detoxification and outpatient detoxification.

• Inpatient Detoxification: Inpatient detoxification involves staying at a facility for a designated period, usually 5-10 days, while undergoing medically supervised withdrawal. This setting is most suitable for individuals with severe addiction or those who have co-occurring mental health conditions that require close monitoring.
• Outpatient Detoxification: Outpatient detoxification allows individuals to undergo withdrawal treatment while living at home. They visit a facility regularly for medical check-ups, medication management, and therapy sessions. This setting is suitable for individuals with mild to moderate addiction and a stable support system at home.

Detoxification settings are an essential part of the treatment process, particularly in managing severe withdrawal symptoms. However, they should be followed by other forms of treatment to address the underlying causes of addiction and prevent relapse.

Are there any safe ways to manage withdrawal symptoms at home?

Yes, there are safe ways to manage withdrawal symptoms at home. These methods include over-the-counter (OTC) medications, a supportive environment, hydration and nutrition, natural and herbal remedies, and activity engagement, according to a Healthline article titled “Home Remedies to Ease Opiate Withdrawal Symptoms” by Christine Case-Lo (March 2019).

The safe ways to manage withdrawal symptoms at home, according to Healthline, are listed below.

• Over-the-counter (OTC) Medications: OTC medications are non-prescription drugs that can be purchased from pharmacies, drugstores, supermarkets, and other retail stores without a doctor’s prescription. They are beneficial in alleviating withdrawal symptoms. Ibuprofen or acetaminophen effectively manages aches, fever, and muscle pains, while loperamide (Imodium) helps control diarrhea. Additionally, diphenhydramine or melatonin can help address sleep disturbances, providing relief during this challenging time.

While these medications provide temporary relief, they do not address the underlying opioid dependency. They should be used cautiously to avoid potential side effects, such as liver damage from excessive acetaminophen use.

• Supportive Environment: Creating a supportive environment is crucial for managing withdrawal at home. Having friends or family members aware of the situation can provide emotional support and encouragement. Engaging with support groups, either in-person or online, can also offer additional motivation and understanding during this challenging time.

• Hydration and Nutrition: Staying hydrated is vital, as dehydration can be a significant risk during withdrawal. Drinking fluids like water and electrolyte solutions helps combat dehydration caused by nausea and diarrhea, according to the National Collaborating Centre for Women’s and Children’s Health (UK). Diarrhea and Vomiting Caused by Gastroenteritis: Diagnosis, Assessment and Management in Children Younger than 5 Years. London: RCOG Press; (2009 April). Maintaining a balanced diet is also essential. Eating small, frequent meals that are easy on the stomach, such as the BRAT diet (Bananas, Rice, Applesauce, Toast), helps manage gastrointestinal symptoms and provides necessary nutrients.

• Natural and Herbal Remedies: Some individuals prefer natural remedies to manage withdrawal symptoms. Some of the best remedies are ginger and melatonin. Ginger is known for its effectiveness in soothing nausea, while melatonin can aid in addressing sleep issues, according to Lete, I., & Allué, J. (2016). The Effectiveness of Ginger in Preventing Nausea and Vomiting during Pregnancy and Chemotherapy. Integrative Medicine Insights. Additionally, St. John’s Wort may help reduce anxiety and enhance mood, making it a popular choice for those navigating the challenges of withdrawal.

Consult with a healthcare provider before starting any herbal supplements, as they can interact with other medications or health conditions.

• Engagement in Activities: Keeping the mind occupied helps to distract from withdrawal symptoms. Engaging in enjoyable activities like exercise, reading, or spending time with friends and family can help to keep the mind occupied. Exercise releases endorphins, which are natural feel-good chemicals that can reduce cravings and improve mood, according to Daniel JZ, Cropley M, and Fife-Schaw C. The effect of exercise in reducing the desire to smoke and cigarette 

withdrawal symptoms are not caused by distraction. Addiction. (2006 Aug).

While managing withdrawal symptoms at home is challenging, utilizing OTC medications, creating a supportive environment, ensuring proper hydration and nutrition, exploring natural remedies, and staying engaged in activities provide practical strategies for coping.

How long does drug withdrawal last?

Drug withdrawal duration lasts between three to ten days depending on the specific substance, like opioids, benzodiazepines, alcohol, and stimulants, according to the American Addiction Centers, “Can You Die From Drug or Alcohol Withdrawals?” by Wendy Manwarren Generes (May 21, 2024).

Short-acting opioids, such as heroin, typically lead to withdrawal symptoms that begin 8-24 hours after the last use and last an average of 4-10 days. In contrast, long-acting opioids like methadone result in symptoms that start 2-4 days post-use and generally fade within about 10 days. 

Benzodiazepines exhibit a different pattern, with symptoms commencing 1-4 days after cessation, peaking in severity during the first two weeks, and potentially persisting for months without treatment. 

Alcohol withdrawal symptoms manifest within hours of the last drink, peaking 24-72 hours later, with acute withdrawal lasting approximately 5-7 days. Stimulants, including cocaine and amphetamines, can cause crashes within hours to days, with acute withdrawal typically lasting around 7-10 days.

Medical detox and treatment help manage withdrawal symptoms safely and effectively. Seeking professional help is recommended, especially for substances like alcohol and benzodiazepines, where withdrawal can be dangerous. With proper care and support, most acute withdrawal symptoms resolve within 1-2 weeks, though some lingering effects may take longer to subside entirely.

What are the dangerous drugs to withdraw from?

The most dangerous drugs to withdraw from include alcohol, benzodiazepines, opioids, and barbiturates, according to the American Addiction Centers, “Can You Die From Drug or Alcohol Withdrawals?” by Wendy Manwarren Generes (May 21, 2024).

Alcohol withdrawal is hazardous due to the risk of severe complications such as seizures and delirium tremens (DTs). Symptoms may include seizures, hallucinations, body temperature fluctuations, extreme irritability, and delirium tremens (DTs), which can be fatal if untreated. Benzodiazepine withdrawal also carries significant risks, including seizures, rhabdomyolysis (a condition that can lead to kidney failure), panic attacks, hallucinations, high blood pressure, and death in severe cases.

Opioid withdrawal, while generally not life-threatening, can cause severe discomfort and a high risk of relapse. Symptoms include nausea, abdominal pain, sweating, shaking, muscle spasms, and intense cravings for the drug. Withdrawal from barbiturates can be hazardous and may result in seizures, psychosis, elevated heart rate, insomnia, coma, and death.

Due to the severe risks associated with withdrawal from these substances, medical supervision is strongly recommended to manage symptoms safely and effectively.

Can signs of withdrawal cause death?

Yes, signs of withdrawal can cause death, particularly when withdrawing from substances like alcohol, benzodiazepines, and opioids; according to Darke S, Larney S, and Farrell M. Yes, people can die from opiate withdrawal. Addiction. 2017 Feb.

Severe alcohol withdrawal leads to life-threatening complications such as seizures, hallucinations, and delirium tremens (DTs), as reviewed by Alcohol withdrawal syndrome: how to Predict, prevent, diagnose and treat it. Prescrire Int. 2007 Feb. DTs can cause confusion, rapid heartbeat, high blood pressure, fever, and heavy sweating, which can lead to respiratory failure, cardiac arrhythmias, or severe electrolyte imbalances. These complications can result in death if not managed correctly in a medical setting.

Withdrawal from benzodiazepines is also fatal. It causes seizures and a condition called rhabdomyolysis, where damaged muscle tissue releases proteins and electrolytes into the bloodstream, potentially leading to kidney failure. The risk of severe symptoms necessitates regular medical monitoring during withdrawal.

While opioid withdrawal is often considered non-lethal, it still results in death in severe cases. Persistent vomiting and diarrhea lead to dehydration and hypernatremia (elevated blood sodium levels), resulting in heart failure. Additionally, there is a risk of choking on vomit, which can cause death by asphyxiation.

What are the most dangerous withdrawal symptoms to watch out for?

The most dangerous withdrawal symptoms to watch out for are delirium tremens, seizures, and severe cardiovascular issues, according to Alcohol withdrawal syndrome: how to predict, prevent, diagnose and treat it. Prescrire Int. 2007 Feb.Rahman A, Paul M. Delirium Tremens. StatPearls Publishing; 2024.

Delirium tremens (DTs) is a particularly severe form of alcohol withdrawal that can be life-threatening if not treated promptly. It begins 48-96 hours after the last drink and can cause symptoms like extreme confusion, hallucinations, fever, seizures, and dangerously elevated heart rate and blood pressure. 

Seizures are another potentially life-threatening withdrawal symptom, especially for those detoxing from alcohol or benzodiazepines. They can occur suddenly and without warning, putting the individual at risk of injury or aspiration.

Severe cardiovascular symptoms like highly elevated heart rate and blood pressure can also be dangerous, potentially leading to heart attack or stroke in some cases. 

It’s important to note that withdrawal from alcohol and benzodiazepines tends to carry the highest risk of dangerous complications. While withdrawal from other substances like opioids is highly unpleasant, it is generally not life-threatening on its own.

Due to these potentially fatal complications, it is strongly recommended that individuals with significant alcohol or benzodiazepine dependence undergo medically supervised detoxification rather than attempting to quit “cold turkey” on their own. 

How can medical professionals help during the detox process?

Medical professionals help during the detox process by creating a customized detox plan for each individual based on their specific needs and circumstances, according to Detoxification and Substance Abuse Treatment . Rockville (MD): Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US); 2006. This involves prescribing medication or supplements to ease withdrawal symptoms, as well as closely monitoring the person’s physical and mental health.

In addition, medical professionals offer emotional support and resources for coping with cravings, anxiety, and other challenging emotions that often arise during detox. They also provide education about addiction and recovery, which helps individuals better understand their journey and what to expect.